Haircut Time For Bondholders
By Mike Whitney
"The only function of economic forecasting is to make astrology look respectable."
-- John Kenneth Galbraith
When George Soros recently said that the financial system had "effectively
disintegrated", it caused quite a flap. But Soros was not exaggerating. The
financial system has disintegrated. What we are experiencing now is just the
fallout from that event. This is easier to understand by using an analogy.
Imagine watching the demolition of a hundred-story skyscraper. After the
explosives detonate and the building implodes, the chunks of debris and the
shattered glass begin to fall to the ground below. That's where we are right
now. The financial super-structure has already been blown to bits, but a thick
shower of fragments keeps raining down on earth. Rising unemployment, falling
consumer confidence, severe contraction of the economy, growing pessimism;
these are all the knock-on effects of a full-blown system collapse.
Take a look at this chart and you'll see what I mean. The chart explains in
simple, graphic terms everything that one needs to know about the financial
crisis.
As you can see, the upper part of the graph disappears in 2008, as though it
was surgically removed. That is because in 2008, the source of funding for
residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS), commercial mortgage-backed
securities (CMBS), consumer asset-backed securities (which include everything
from student loans, credit cards, and auto loans) and home equity loans has
almost completely dried up. In fact, all that's left of the previously vibrant
credit markets, is the agency mortgage-backed securities sold through Fannie
Mae and Freddie Mac which rely exclusively on government funding. Apart from
government sponsored GSEs, there is no mortgage credit.
What does it all mean? It means that Wall Street's credit-generating mechanism
has disintegrated, cutting off 40 percent of the blood-flow to the economy. This
is why the drop in spending has been so sudden and precipitous. No economy,
however strong, can reduce credit by 40 percent without sliding into a
depression. Every area of industry, trade, investment, commerce and consumption
has been battered. No sector has been spared. Look closely at the chart and you
will see why housing will continue to plummet, because the primary funding
mechanism for selling mortgages no longer exists; all the applications are now
shoveled over to Fannie and Freddie. Wall Street has gone A.W.O.L.
The often repeated mantra "the banks aren't lending" is a myth. The banks
are lending; it is the wholesale funding apparatus that's broken. That's why
the Fed's low interest rates have had little effect, because they don't
increase sales in the secondary market where MBS and other complex investments
are sold. Those markets are frozen due to investor angst. People are scared out
of their wits. Toxic subprime mortgages poisoned the well and now investors
have boycotted the entire market for structured debt-instruments. Until there
is some resolution on the true value of the underlying assets, the market will
remain paralyzed. Investors want price discovery, something that is basic to
every market. Here's what Bank of America's CEO Ken Lewis said in the Wall
Street Journal on Monday:
"The banks aren't lending." This claim is simply not true. Yes, banks have
tightened lending standards after a period in which standards were too lax.
But, according to Federal Reserve data, bank credit has actually increased over
the course of this recession, and business lending is trending up modestly so
far in 2009. Also, mortgage finance volume is booming as a result of low
interest rates. What's gone from the system is the easy credit that got us into
this mess, as unregulated nonbank lenders have disappeared, and the market for
many asset-backed securities has all but dried up. Most banks are making as
many loans as we responsibly can, given the recessionary environment.
The collapse of securitization (the bundling of pools of loans into securities
sold at market) has sucked more than $1.2 trillion from the credit markets and
forced a cycle of deleveraging throughout the financial system. The idea that
securities-based lending was viable was predicated on the Radian belief that
self-interested speculators could sustain the flow of credit to the system.
That notion turned out to be catastrophically wrong. Not only did financial
institutions increase their risk exposure by loading up on long-term illiquid
assets, (MBS, CDOs, CDSs) they also borrowed heavily on those dodgy assets so
they could skim the cream off the top and add to their 7-digit incomes and
lavish bonuses. For the better part of a decade, the only things that worried
the Wall Street oligarchs was whether the larder at the vacation bungalow on
the French Riviera needed restocking or if their were any early morning tee
times available at St Andrews. PIMCO's Bill Gross gave an apt summary of shadow
banking system in a newsletter to his investors last year:
Our modern shadow banking system craftily dodges the reserve requirements
of traditional institutions and promotes a chain letter, pyramid scheme of
leverage, based in many cases on no reserve cushion whatsoever. Financial
derivatives of all descriptions are involved but credit default swaps (CDS) are
perhaps the most egregious offenders. While margin does flow periodically to
balance both party's accounts, the conduits that hold CDS contracts are in
effect non-regulated banks, much like their hedge fund brethren, with no
requirements to hold reserves against a significant "black swan" run that might
break them. Jimmy Stewart -- they hardly knew ye! According to the Bank for
International Settlements (BIS), CDS totaling $43 trillion were outstanding at
year end 2007, more than half the size of the entire asset base of the global
banking system. Total derivatives amount to over $500 trillion, many of them
finding their way onto the balance sheets of SIVs, CDOs and other conduits of
their ilk comprising the Frankensteinian levered body of shadow banks.
Pyramid schemes and chain letters collapse because there is no more credit to
feed them. As the system of modern day levered shadow finance slows to a crawl,
or even contracts at the edges, its ability to systemically fertilize economic
growth must be called into question.
The problem is not simply that securitization has blown up, but that Geithner
and pal Bernanke are determined to sift through through the rubble to see if
they can fit the pieces together again. It's Humpty Dumpty redux. This is what
Bernanke's Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility (TALF) is really all
about; another pointless attempt to fire-up Wall Street's failed credit
assembly-line, securitization. TALF is set to begin in the middle of March and
will ultimately get up to $1 trillion of Fed funding for securitized loans made
on credit cards, car loans and student loans. But the plan ignores the fact
that the wholesale credit markets already conked out after their first big
stress-test and that consumers are no longer in a position to increase their
debt-load. Consumer debt is already at 100 percent of GDP, and that's before
the recession slashed home equity values by 30 percent and 401ks by 40 percent.
That is why personal savings have gone from negative territory in 2006 to
positive 5 percent in just 2 quarters. Attitudes towards consumption have done
an about-face almost overnight. Bernanke's TALF isn't necessary; what's needed
is debt relief and a smaller financial system that meets the new reality.
Besides, what's the point of moving toxic assets from one balance sheet to
another or providing another handout to the scamsters and flim flam men at the
hedge funds and private equity firms? They're the ones who drove the system
into the ditch in the first place. Peter Eavis of the Wall Street Journal
explains:
The Fed needs to lure investors back into the market for these asset-backed
securities, or ABS, where new issuance has almost disappeared This has led to a
contraction in lending to consumers, deepening the recession. In the fourth
quarter of 2008, there wasn't any issuance of U.S. credit-card ABS, compared
with $23 billion a year before, according to Dealogic...
The TALF ladles out that leverage, and it may well work in kick-starting the
moribund market. For instance, investors can borrow $92 million to buy $100
million of bonds backed with prime auto loans. An investment firm would have
levered its equity over 12 times, which could provide annual returns of over
20% on prime-auto ABS assuming no credit impairment. (Wall Street Journal, The
Fed goes for brokerage)
Sound familiar? What's even worse than providing the leverage for the hedge
fund sharpies, is the fact that the Fed will not require that investors to post
collateral (like a bank) and---if the assets fall in value-- investors can just
"walk away" leaving taxpayers to eat the losses. Such a deal! It's another
shameless $1 trillion corporate welfare boondoggle disguised as a financial
rescue plan. This shows that the reprobate Fed and its accomplices at Treasury
are still committed to keeping the credit monopoly in private hands whether it
destroys the country or not. The best remedy would be abandon the
securitization model altogether (if only for the time being) so resources could
be devoted to more pressing issues like jobs programs and debt relief. These
would have an immediate stimulative effect on economy by revving up consumer
spending and restoring faith in government. Otherwise, we're just dumping more
money into a dysfunctional system.
Whether the Obama administration fixes the credit markets or not, it will still
have to recapitalize the banking system. The most efficient way would be to
take over insolvent institutions, separate the bad assets, protect the
depositors and give management the "pink slip". The problem with removing the
bad assets, however, is the sheer magnitude of the losses. There's enough red
ink here to stretch from sea to shining sea. Here's David Smick in the
Washington Post:
Here's the problem: Today's true market value of the U.S. banks' toxic
assets (that ugly stuff that needs to be removed from bank balance sheets
before the economy can recover) amounts to between 5 and 30 cents on the
dollar. To remain solvent, however, the banks say they need a valuation of 50
to 60 cents on the dollar. Translation: as much as another $2 trillion taxpayer
bailout.
That kind of expensive solution could send the president's approval rating into
a nose dive. Consider: $2 trillion is about two-thirds of the tax revenue the
federal government collects each year. (Tim Geithner's Black Hole, David Smick
Washington Post)
And, it's not just the expense that keeps Geithner from taking swift action
either. It's also the prospect of systemic failure from unregulated
counterparty contracts, mainly credit default swaps, which have tied all the
major banks together in an lethal net of highly-leveraged bets. If one of the
financial giants sheds its mortal coil and keels over, the others will follow
like lemmings. This is why the government took over AIG and has provided a $160
billion bailout, to stop the dominoes from tumbling through the global system.
Geithner has decided that its wiser to make excuses and try to run out the
clock, than stumble blindly through the derivatives minefield. Unfortunately,
the clock is ticking and the problems can't wait.. The loss of wealth is
already so huge that it has blown a gaping capital-hole in the financial system
triggering an unprecedented slowdown similar to the 1930s. According to
Bloomberg:
The value of global financial assets including stocks, bonds and currencies
probably fell by more than $50 trillion in 2008, equivalent to a year of world
gross domestic product, according to an Asian Development Bank
report." ... Blackstone's CEO Stephen Schwarzman said on Tuesday that
"Between 40 and 45 percent of the world's wealth has been destroyed in little
less than a year and a half. This is absolutely unprecedented in our lifetime.
As capital is destroyed and credit tightens, consumers have gotten more
defensive, inventories are bulging, unemployment is rising, retail and housing
have continued to nosedive, asset values are shrinking, profits are dwindling
and the economy has succumbed to the slow strangulation of a credit-python.
Deflation has spread across all sectors; strengthening the dollar and pushing
oil and commodities downward. Equities are in a deep slump that will only get
worse. The S&P has already dropped 56 percent from its peak and is quickly
somersaulting downward. Deflation is everywhere.
David Rosenberg, Economist at Merrill Lynch summed it up like this in
"Depression-Style Jobs Report":
In addition to credit contraction, asset deflation, profit compression and
employment destruction, we are also in a vicious inventory reduction phase in
the manufacturing sector. If our forecast is correct, this would then suggest
that the capacity utilization rate in manufacturing will make a new all-time
low of 66.6% from 68% in January. The employment data also tell us that there
is a very high probability that wages and salaries deflated -0.3% in February
as well. How we end up getting any sustained inflation pressure, or backup in
bond yields for that matter, as the economy moves further and further away from
any semblance of "full employment" in either the labor or product market, is
totally beyond us.
The Fed's balance sheet and the balance sheet of the federal government are
expanding at record rates. But these reflationary efforts should be seen as a
partial antidote, not a panacea, to the deflationary effects brought on from
the unprecedented contraction in the largest balance sheet on the planet: The
$55 trillion US household balance sheet. Based on what house prices and equity
valuation have been doing this quarter, we are likely in for a total loss of
household net worth approximating $7 trillion this quarter alone, which would
bring the cumulative decline in consumer wealth to $20 trillion. This wealth
loss exceeds the combined expansion of the Fed's and government balance sheet
by a factor of ten. That should put the reflation-deflation debate into
perspective. (David Rosenberg, Economist at Merrill Lynch summed it up like
this in "Depression-Style Jobs Report": Mish's Global Economic Trend Analysis)
Clearly, the capital hole in the center of the US economy is too humongous to
be filled with Obama's paltry $787 billion stimulus. (Most of the stimulus is
back-loaded anyway. Only $200 billion will be spent creating jobs in 2009) When
businesses and consumers stop spending; the government has to pick up the slack
or the economy gets hammered. Obama's job is to "go big and go long" and ignore
the braying of the liquidationists and crybaby Republicans in the Congress.
This is not the time for cold feet. Cinch up the jockstrap, and do what's
needed. Dazzle the naysayers with footwork. If Obama does not meet the
challenge and accept the unavoidably huge deficits, thousands of businesses
will default, unemployment will skyrocket, and world trade will grind to a
halt. Consider this warning from economics professor Barry Eichengreen in the
San Francisco Chronicle: "We must keep Trade from falling off a cliff"
Americans may not realize it, but the biggest threat to economic stability
is not falling home prices and retail spending but collapsing world trade. The
value of global merchandise exports was down fully 45 percent in November 2008
from 12 months before. This is a terrifying number.
Nothing remotely comparable has ever happened before - not even in the Great
Depression of the 1930s.
This is a body blow to an already staggering U.S. economy. U.S. exports in the
fourth quarter of last year fell by more than 25 percent in constant dollars.
California is being hit especially hard: outbound container traffic from the
Ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles was down 30 percent in December 2008 from a
year earlier.
It's not surprising that when global growth slows, trade growth slows. But this
trade implosion is unprecedented even for a major recession.( Barry Eichengreen
San Francisco Chronicle: "We must keep Trade from falling off a cliff")
Trade credit has dried up and reversed capital flows; another casualty of the
credit market crackup. Globalization has returned to the realm of (corporate)
wishful thinking; look for it in the "fiction" section of the library. No
sandal-clad, fist-waving anarchist put the torch to global trade (regrettably)
it was crushed by a poorly-designed financial system that split into matchwood
at the first strong breeze. So, how in the world are Bernanke and Geithner
going to recapitalize the banks and "keep them in private hands" in the most
hostile economic environment in memory?
The only hope is to do the unthinkable; dispatch the FDIC storm troopers to the
teetering banks on Friday night and shut down the biggest offenders pronto.
Don't wait another minute. The real reason Geithner is stalling is because he's
afraid that foreign bondholders will cut him off at the knees and stop
purchasing US debt. That's a threat that has to be taken seriously, but it
shouldn't stop him from doing his job. John Hussman explains it all in his
weekly comment "Buckle Up":
The misguided policy response from Washington has focused almost exclusively
on squandering public money and burdening our children with indebtedness in
order to defend the bondholders of mismanaged financial institutions....
Make no mistake. Buying up "troubled assets" will not materially ease this
crisis, nor will it even improve the capital position of financial
institutions. Homeowners will continue to default because their payment
obligations have not been restructured to any meaningful extent. We are simply
protecting the bondholders of mismanaged financial institutions, even though
that bondholder capital is more than sufficient to cover the losses without
harm to customers. Institutions that cannot survive without continual provision
of public funds should be taken into receivership, their assets should be
restructured to better ensure repayment, their stockholders should be wiped
out, bondholders should take a major haircut, customer assets should (and will)
be fully protected, and these institutions should be re-issued to the markets
when the economy stabilizes. (John P. Hussman Ph.D., Hussman Funds, Buckle Up,
www.hussmanfunds.com)
Bondholders own everything and they shouldn't be trifled with. They represent
foreign banks, governments, sovereign wealth funds, and industry giants. They
can afford the losses better than the taxpayer, but they won't be happy about
it. There's bound to be retaliation and gnashing of teeth. It will require a
carefully executed strategy to avoid a bloodbath; a surprise incision with a
razor-sharp scalpel followed by an Obama-led public relations campaign to
placate the enraged bondholders. It won't be easy, but it has to be done, and
fast. Unfortunately, we are no where near the point where anyone at Treasury or
the Fed will set aside the corporate agenda long enough to do the people's
work. That's why Geithner will have to go. Bernanke, too.
