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Research Update:

United States of America Long-Term

Rating Lowered To 'AA+' On

Political Risks And Rising Debt

Burden; Outlook Negative

Primary Credit Analyst:

Nikola G Swann, CFA, FRM, Toronto (1) 416-507-2582;nikola_swann@standardandpoors.com

Secondary Contacts:

John Chambers, CFA, New York (1) 212-438-7344;john_chambers@standardandpoors.com

David T Beers, London (44) 20-7176-7101;david_beers@standardandpoors.com

Table Of Contents

Overview

Rating Action

Rationale

Outlook

Related Criteria And Research

Ratings List

August 5, 2011

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883559 | 300978643Research Update:

United States of America Long-Term Rating

Lowered To 'AA+' On Political Risks And

Rising Debt Burden; Outlook Negative

Overview

• We have lowered our long-term sovereign credit rating on the United

States of America to 'AA+' from 'AAA' and affirmed the 'A-1+' short-term

rating.

• We have also removed both the short- and long-term ratings from

CreditWatch negative.

• The downgrade reflects our opinion that the fiscal consolidation plan

that Congress and the Administration recently agreed to falls short of

what, in our view, would be necessary to stabilize the government's

medium-term debt dynamics.

• More broadly, the downgrade reflects our view that the effectiveness,

stability, and predictability of American policymaking and political

institutions have weakened at a time of ongoing fiscal and economic

challenges to a degree more than we envisioned when we assigned a

negative outlook to the rating on April 18, 2011.

• Since then, we have changed our view of the difficulties in bridging the

gulf between the political parties over fiscal policy, which makes us

pessimistic about the capacity of Congress and the Administration to be

able to leverage their agreement this week into a broader fiscal

consolidation plan that stabilizes the government's debt dynamics any

time soon.

• The outlook on the long-term rating is negative. We could lower the

long-term rating to 'AA' within the next two years if we see that less

reduction in spending than agreed to, higher interest rates, or new

fiscal pressures during the period result in a higher general government

debt trajectory than we currently assume in our base case.

Rating Action

On Aug. 5, 2011, Standard & Poor's Ratings Services lowered its long-term

sovereign credit rating on the United States of America to 'AA+' from 'AAA'.

The outlook on the long-term rating is negative. At the same time, Standard &

Poor's affirmed its 'A-1+' short-term rating on the U.S. In addition, Standard

& Poor's removed both ratings from CreditWatch, where they were placed on July

14, 2011, with negative implications.

The transfer and convertibility (T&C) assessment of the U.S.--our

assessment of the likelihood of official interference in the ability of

U.S.-based public- and private-sector issuers to secure foreign exchange for

debt service--remains 'AAA'.

Standard & Poor’s | RatingsDirect on the Global Credit Portal | August 5, 2011 2

883559 | 300978643Rationale

We lowered our long-term rating on the U.S. because we believe that the

prolonged controversy over raising the statutory debt ceiling and the related

fiscal policy debate indicate that further near-term progress containing the

growth in public spending, especially on entitlements, or on reaching an

agreement on raising revenues is less likely than we previously assumed and

will remain a contentious and fitful process. We also believe that the fiscal

consolidation plan that Congress and the Administration agreed to this week

falls short of the amount that we believe is necessary to stabilize the

general government debt burden by the middle of the decade.

Our lowering of the rating was prompted by our view on the rising public

debt burden and our perception of greater policymaking uncertainty, consistent

with our criteria (see "Sovereign Government Rating Methodology and Assumptions

," June 30, 2011, especially Paragraphs 36-41). Nevertheless, we view the U.S.

federal government's other economic, external, and monetary credit attributes,

which form the basis for the sovereign rating, as broadly unchanged.

We have taken the ratings off CreditWatch because the Aug. 2 passage of

the Budget Control Act Amendment of 2011 has removed any perceived immediate

threat of payment default posed by delays to raising the government's debt

ceiling. In addition, we believe that the act provides sufficient clarity to

allow us to evaluate the likely course of U.S. fiscal policy for the next few

years.

The political brinksmanship of recent months highlights what we see as

America's governance and policymaking becoming less stable, less effective,

and less predictable than what we previously believed. The statutory debt

ceiling and the threat of default have become political bargaining chips in

the debate over fiscal policy. Despite this year's wide-ranging debate, in our

view, the differences between political parties have proven to be

extraordinarily difficult to bridge, and, as we see it, the resulting

agreement fell well short of the comprehensive fiscal consolidation program

that some proponents had envisaged until quite recently. Republicans and

Democrats have only been able to agree to relatively modest savings on

discretionary spending while delegating to the Select Committee decisions on

more comprehensive measures. It appears that for now, new revenues have

dropped down on the menu of policy options. In addition, the plan envisions

only minor policy changes on Medicare and little change in other entitlements,

the containment of which we and most other independent observers regard as key

to long-term fiscal sustainability.

Our opinion is that elected officials remain wary of tackling the

structural issues required to effectively address the rising U.S. public debt

burden in a manner consistent with a 'AAA' rating and with 'AAA' rated

sovereign peers (see Sovereign Government Rating Methodology and Assumptions,"

June 30, 2011, especially Paragraphs 36-41). In our view, the difficulty in

framing a consensus on fiscal policy weakens the government's ability to

manage public finances and diverts attention from the debate over how to

achieve more balanced and dynamic economic growth in an era of fiscal

stringency and private-sector deleveraging (ibid). A new political consensus

might (or might not) emerge after the 2012 elections, but we believe that by

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Research Update: United States of America Long-Term Rating Lowered To 'AA+' On Political Risks And Rising

Debt Burden; Outlook Negativethen, the government debt burden will likely be higher, the needed medium-term

fiscal adjustment potentially greater, and the inflection point on the U.S.

population's demographics and other age-related spending drivers closer at

hand (see "Global Aging 2011: In The U.S., Going Gray Will Likely Cost Even

More Green, Now," June 21, 2011).

Standard & Poor's takes no position on the mix of spending and revenue

measures that Congress and the Administration might conclude is appropriate

for putting the U.S.'s finances on a sustainable footing.

The act calls for as much as $2.4 trillion of reductions in expenditure

growth over the 10 years through 2021. These cuts will be implemented in two

steps: the $917 billion agreed to initially, followed by an additional $1.5

trillion that the newly formed Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit

Reduction is supposed to recommend by November 2011. The act contains no

measures to raise taxes or otherwise enhance revenues, though the committee

could recommend them.

The act further provides that if Congress does not enact the committee's

recommendations, cuts of $1.2 trillion will be implemented over the same time

period. The reductions would mainly affect outlays for civilian discretionary

spending, defense, and Medicare. We understand that this fall-back mechanism

is designed to encourage Congress to embrace a more balanced mix of

expenditure savings, as the committee might recommend.

We note that in a letter to Congress on Aug. 1, 2011, the Congressional

Budget Office (CBO) estimated total budgetary savings under the act to be at

least $2.1 trillion over the next 10 years relative to its baseline

assumptions. In updating our own fiscal projections, with certain

modifications outlined below, we have relied on the CBO's latest "Alternate

Fiscal Scenario" of June 2011, updated to include the CBO assumptions

contained in its Aug. 1 letter to Congress. In general, the CBO's "Alternate

Fiscal Scenario" assumes a continuation of recent Congressional action

overriding existing law.

We view the act's measures as a step toward fiscal consolidation.

However, this is within the framework of a legislative mechanism that leaves

open the details of what is finally agreed to until the end of 2011, and

Congress and the Administration could modify any agreement in the future. Even

assuming that at least $2.1 trillion of the spending reductions the act

envisages are implemented, we maintain our view that the U.S. net general

government debt burden (all levels of government combined, excluding liquid

financial assets) will likely continue to grow. Under our revised base case

fiscal scenario--which we consider to be consistent with a 'AA+' long-term

rating and a negative outlook--we now project that net general government debt

would rise from an estimated 74% of GDP by the end of 2011 to 79% in 2015 and

85% by 2021. Even the projected 2015 ratio of sovereign indebtedness is high

in relation to those of peer credits and, as noted, would continue to rise

under the act's revised policy settings.

Compared with previous projections, our revised base case scenario now

assumes that the 2001 and 2003 tax cuts, due to expire by the end of 2012,

remain in place. We have changed our assumption on this because the majority

of Republicans in Congress continue to resist any measure that would raise

revenues, a position we believe Congress reinforced by passing the act. Key

macroeconomic assumptions in the base case scenario include trend real GDP

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Research Update: United States of America Long-Term Rating Lowered To 'AA+' On Political Risks And Rising

Debt Burden; Outlook Negativegrowth of 3% and consumer price inflation near 2% annually over the decade.

Our revised upside scenario--which, other things being equal, we view as

consistent with the outlook on the 'AA+' long-term rating being revised to

stable--retains these same macroeconomic assumptions. In addition, it

incorporates $950 billion of new revenues on the assumption that the 2001 and

2003 tax cuts for high earners lapse from 2013 onwards, as the Administration

is advocating. In this scenario, we project that the net general government

debt would rise from an estimated 74% of GDP by the end of 2011 to 77% in 2015

and to 78% by 2021.

Our revised downside scenario--which, other things being equal, we view

as being consistent with a possible further downgrade to a 'AA' long-term

rating--features less-favorable macroeconomic assumptions, as outlined below

and also assumes that the second round of spending cuts (at least $1.2

trillion) that the act calls for does not occur. This scenario also assumes

somewhat higher nominal interest rates for U.S. Treasuries. We still believe

that the role of the U.S. dollar as the key reserve currency confers a

government funding advantage, one that could change only slowly over time, and

that Fed policy might lean toward continued loose monetary policy at a time of

fiscal tightening. Nonetheless, it is possible that interest rates could rise

if investors re-price relative risks. As a result, our alternate scenario

factors in a 50 basis point (bp)-75 bp rise in 10-year bond yields relative to

the base and upside cases from 2013 onwards. In this scenario, we project the

net public debt burden would rise from 74% of GDP in 2011 to 90% in 2015 and

to 101% by 2021.

Our revised scenarios also take into account the significant negative

revisions to historical GDP data that the Bureau of Economic Analysis

announced on July 29. From our perspective, the effect of these revisions

underscores two related points when evaluating the likely debt trajectory of

the U.S. government. First, the revisions show that the recent recession was

deeper than previously assumed, so the GDP this year is lower than previously

thought in both nominal and real terms. Consequently, the debt burden is

slightly higher. Second, the revised data highlight the sub-par path of the

current economic recovery when compared with rebounds following previous

post-war recessions. We believe the sluggish pace of the current economic

recovery could be consistent with the experiences of countries that have had

financial crises in which the slow process of debt deleveraging in the private

sector leads to a persistent drag on demand. As a result, our downside case

scenario assumes relatively modest real trend GDP growth of 2.5% and inflation

of near 1.5% annually going forward.

When comparing the U.S. to sovereigns with 'AAA' long-term ratings that

we view as relevant peers--Canada, France, Germany, and the U.K.--we also

observe, based on our base case scenarios for each, that the trajectory of the

U.S.'s net public debt is diverging from the others. Including the U.S., we

estimate that these five sovereigns will have net general government debt to

GDP ratios this year ranging from 34% (Canada) to 80% (the U.K.), with the

U.S. debt burden at 74%. By 2015, we project that their net public debt to GDP

ratios will range between 30% (lowest, Canada) and 83% (highest, France), with

the U.S. debt burden at 79%. However, in contrast with the U.S., we project

that the net public debt burdens of these other sovereigns will begin to

decline, either before or by 2015.

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Research Update: United States of America Long-Term Rating Lowered To 'AA+' On Political Risks And Rising

Debt Burden; Outlook NegativeStandard & Poor's transfer T&C assessment of the U.S. remains 'AAA'. Our

T&C assessment reflects our view of the likelihood of the sovereign

restricting other public and private issuers' access to foreign exchange

needed to meet debt service. Although in our view the credit standing of the

U.S. government has deteriorated modestly, we see little indication that

official interference of this kind is entering onto the policy agenda of

either Congress or the Administration. Consequently, we continue to view this

risk as being highly remote.

Outlook

The outlook on the long-term rating is negative. As our downside alternate

fiscal scenario illustrates, a higher public debt trajectory than we currently

assume could lead us to lower the long-term rating again. On the other hand,

as our upside scenario highlights, if the recommendations of the Congressional

Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction--independently or coupled with

other initiatives, such as the lapsing of the 2001 and 2003 tax cuts for high

earners--lead to fiscal consolidation measures beyond the minimum mandated,

and we believe they are likely to slow the deterioration of the government's

debt dynamics, the long-term rating could stabilize at 'AA+'.

On Monday, we will issue separate releases concerning affected ratings in

the funds, government-related entities, financial institutions, insurance,

public finance, and structured finance sectors.

Related Criteria And Research

• United States of America 'AAA/A-1+' Ratings Placed On CreditWatch

Negative On Rising Risk Of Policy Stalemate, July 14, 2011

• U.S. Weekly Financial Notes: Soft Patch Or Quicksand?, Aug. 5, 2011

• Sovereign Government Rating Methodology And Assumptions, June 30, 2011

• 2011 Midyear Credit Outlook: Unresolved Economic And Regulatory Issues

Loom Large, June 22, 2011

• Global Aging 2011: In The U.S., Going Gray Will Likely Cost Even More

Green, Now, June 21, 2011

• United States of America 'AAA/A-1+' Rating Affirmed; Outlook Revised To

Negative, April 18, 2011

• Fiscal Challenges Weighing On The 'AAA' Sovereign Credit Rating On The

Government Of The United States, April 18, 2011

• A Closer Look At The Revision Of The Outlook On The U.S. Government Rating

, April 18, 2011

• Banking Industry Country Risk Assessments, March 8, 2011

• Behind The Political Brinkmanship Of Raising The U.S. Debt Ceiling, Jan.

18, 2011

• U.S. Government Cost To Resolve And Relaunch Fannie Mae And Freddie Mac

Could Approach $700 Billion, Nov. 4, 2010

• Global Aging 2010: In The U.S., Going Gray Will Cost A Lot More Green,

Oct. 25, 2010,

• Après Le Déluge, The U.S. Dollar Remains The Key International Currency,"

March 10, 2010

• Banking Industry Country Risk Assessment: United States of America, Feb.

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Research Update: United States of America Long-Term Rating Lowered To 'AA+' On Political Risks And Rising

Debt Burden; Outlook Negative1, 2010

Ratings List

Rating Lowered

To From

United States of America (Unsolicited Ratings)

Federal Reserve System (Unsolicited Ratings)

Federal Reserve Bank of New York (Unsolicited Ratings)

Sovereign Credit Rating AA+/Negative/A-1+ AAA/Watch Neg/A-1+

This unsolicited rating(s) was initiated by Standard & Poor's. It may be based

solely on publicly available information and may or may not involve the

participation of the issuer. Standard & Poor's has used information from

sources believed to be reliable based on standards established in our Credit

Ratings Information and Data Policy but does not guarantee the accuracy,

adequacy, or completeness of any information used.

Complete ratings information is available to subscribers of RatingsDirect on

the Global Credit Portal at www.globalcreditportal.com. All ratings affected

by this rating action can be found on Standard & Poor's public Web site at

www.standardandpoors.com. Use the Ratings search box located in the left

column.

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Research Update: United States of America Long-Term Rating Lowered To 'AA+' On Political Risks And Rising

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