Well then... lets talk about ZEN
posted on
Oct 23, 2014 11:52AM
Hydrothermal Graphite Deposit Ammenable for Commercial Graphene Applications
These are my notes from zens website and some information from all the great posters here. i look it over quite frequently which makes me not worry about ZEN's success... i'm just impatient and what this to be determined soon. hope you are all having a great day. mona
ZEN 2013 - 2014
Graphite is one of the more strategic elements in many leading industrial nations,
important in high technology manufacturing
important in the emerging "green" industries such as electric vehicle components
The application for graphitic material is constantly evolving due to its unique chemical, electrical, and thermal properties.
It maintains its stability and strength under temperatures in excess of 3,000°C and is very resistant to chemical corrosion.
It is also one of the lightest of all reinforcing elements and has high natural lubricating abilities.
Some of these key physical and chemical properties make it critical to modern industry.
April 2013 All trials using a simple caustic baking leach process conclusively demonstrated that an ultra-high purity graphite product with >99.97% Cg can be produced
The process was applied to a variety of graphite concentrate samples that had initial carbon grades in the range of 46 – 90% using conventional flotation techniques. In all trials the final purity values were >99.97% Cg and up to 99.99% Cg regardless of initial carbon grades
Oct 2013,
Electrical Resistivity Test
Electrical Resistivity ER 0.0034 ohm/centimetres (Graphite 0.003 – 0.060 normal range)
Electrical resistivity (‘ER’) tests were conducted by a major U.S. based independent materials testing facility. One of the most useful characteristics of graphite is its ability to carry electric current. ER quantifies how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current.
A low resistivity indicates a material that readily allows the movement of an electric charge.
Published physics data on electrical resistivity of graphite typically ranges from .003 to .060 ohm-centimetres.
Resistivity is significantly influenced by the degree of Crystallinity of the Graphite, Particle Orientation and Temperature
Higher crystallinity results in lower resistivity and therefore higher conductivity
Resistivity also varies considerably when measured axial or perpendicular to the c-axis of the graphite crystal
The resistivity of conductors, like graphite, depends strongly on a lack of impurities in the material, an important fact whichmakes them valuable in electronics.
Defined Crystallinity and Surface Area Characteristics of Zen’s graphite.
Crystalinity wa examined by Hi Resolution Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Photos show highly crystalline graphite with no contaminants and a very high aspect ratio (length verses thickness). These images closely resemble micrographs of commercial grade synthetic graphite as published by major synthetic graphite producers. The typical particle size from the SGS bench scale processing was in the 7 - 46 micron range.”
Particle size inlithium-ion batteriesis between 10-20 microns
Particle size in fuel cells is between 5-75 microns
A high degree of crystallinity results in various positive qualities that graphite is known for such as:
- electrical conductivity,
- thermal conductivity,
- compressibility,
- dimension stability,
- bending strength,
- lubricity.
Surface Area
Surface Area - a BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) analysis of the Company’s high-purity graphite. BET testing is widely used in surface science for the calculation of surface areas of solids. The surface area of graphite is an important physical property for electronics, Li-ion batteries, various other batteries, super-capacitors, sensors and catalysts to name just a few applications.
Don Hains, P. Geo. stated, “The BET results indicate very high quality natural graphite matching high purity synthetic graphite in terms of surface area. Also, the average pore diameter for the Zenyatta material shows the unit cells are the same as determined for pure natural graphite.”
BET data are within range of typical high grade synthetic graphite powder. It is also worth emphasizing that the measurements were performed on unmilled graphite material produced from the initial caustic bake process development tests.
Further work to optimize the process conditions and to prepare materials to meet target customer specifications is underway and will result in production of a range of grades with varying BET, particle size, particle size distribution and particle morphology characteristics.
Aubrey Eveleigh, President and CEO commented, “This new data on the physical characteristics of the Albany graphite is consistent with the results of the recent work on resistivity and shows the high quality nature of the Albany graphite which could be suitable for a wide range of high technology applications presently served by synthetic graphite.”
Zenyatta will continue to test the characteristics of the Albany graphite at various laboratory facilities in the U.S., Europe and Canada where the required instrumentation is available. Additional test results will be reported when received.
Nov 2013 ZEN adds Dr. Chahar– Graphite Expert formerly Conoco Phillips
Dec 2013 Results of initial National Instrument (“NI”) 43-101,
TONNES......................... OF GRAPHITE SO FAR
45.2 MT’s at 3.14% for 1.418 Million Tonnes pure Cg,
Minimum price for graphite - $8,500 per tonne
Estimated numbers to mine - $1,600-$1,700 per tonne
Feb 2014, ZEN adds Tadashi Yamashita – Graphite Expert formerly ConocoPhillips and Mitsui Chemicals
June 2014, PEA information will be delayed for another 6-8 weeks
Aug 2014, ZEN adds Kenneth Stowe – Experienced Mining Industry Veteran
Ken Stowe will help ZEN transition from metallurgical testing / PEA to prepare for upcoming feasibility studies.
August 2014 Cliffs sells all their shares
September 2014 Successfully Completes Pilot Plant & Metallurgical Testing to Produce High Purity & Highly Crystalline Graphite Product
ZEN went from bench scale testing in grams to producing kilograms of material. The floatation pilot plant results confirmed earlier testing and produced a concentrate that has been upgraded to a high purity and highly crystalline product. This result further de-risked our project. In addition to achieving 99.95% purity, testing showed less than 0.05% of deleterious materials such as sulfur and boron. More importantly, we got there using a low cost and environmentally sound process. We don’t use aggressive acids and/or a costly thermal process.
Highlighted:
Elemental Impurities
Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (‘GDMS’) results show less than 0.05% elemental impurities (or >99.95% purity of highly crystalline graphitic carbon (“Cg”));
Test work to date has confirmed Zenyatta graphite to have a very good crystal structure (hexagonal) with a very desirable real density of 2.25 g/cc.
No deleterious elemental purity concerns,
sulphur (67 ppm),
boron (0.12 ppm)
equivalent boron content (EBC) 0.919 ppm.
The sulphur and boron are very low with EBC (Equivalent Boron Content) measuring well below the recommended maximum of 5ppm for nuclear applications.
The test-work will continue and provide the necessary engineering data for energy requirements, water treatment, reagent consumption and equipment sizing. We expect to develop a distinctive process for this unique graphite deposit.”
ZEN will continue to produce a high purity graphite product (for various applications) with strict specifications based on dialogue with interested end users under a signed confidentiality agreement.
“The pilot plant has proven to be very useful in the early evaluation and troubleshooting for the flow sheet design. The test-work will continue and provide the necessary engineering data for energy requirements, water treatment, reagent consumption and equipment sizing. We expect to develop a distinctive process for this unique graphite deposit.”
Additional test work is underway to produce a higher grade flotation concentrate feed to further optimize the purification process and provide extra high purity material for testing by interested parties. This optimization work will provide additional information for the flow sheet and the preliminary economic assessment (PEA) which is to be completed in the 4th quarter.