HIGH-GRADE NI-CU-PT-PD-ZN-CR-AU-V-TI DISCOVERIES IN THE "RING OF FIRE"
NI 43-101 Update (September 2012): 11.1 Mt @ 1.68% Ni, 0.87% Cu, 0.89 gpt Pt and 3.09 gpt Pd and 0.18 gpt Au (Proven & Probable Reserves) / 8.9 Mt @ 1.10% Ni, 1.14% Cu, 1.16 gpt Pt and 3.49 gpt Pd and 0.30 gpt Au (Inferred Resource)
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This is the html version of the file http://www.iphe.net/final%20fact%20s... .
Google automatically generates html versions of documents as we crawl the web.Overview
The production and transportation of hydrogen in a
cost effective, environmentally friendly manner is
one of the major challenges to the development of
the hydrogen economy.
The production of hydrogen is an energy intensive
process. The energy needed to produce hydrogen
can be obtained from traditional fossil fuels, nuclear
energy and renewable energy sources.
Hydrogen may be produced at large-scale central
locations and then transported to multiple end use
destinations. Alternatively, it can be produced on-
site at small-scale decentralized locations closer to
the point of use.
Hydrogen has the highest energy content per unit of
weight of any known element. It is also the lightest
element. As a result, it is characterized by low
volume energy density, meaning that a given volume
of hydrogen contains a small amount of energy.
This presents significant challenges to transporting,
delivering and storing the large quantities of
hydrogen that will be necessary in the hydrogen
energy economy.
How is Hydrogen Produced?
About 95% of the hydrogen we use today comes
from processing natural gas. The remainder is
produced using electrolysis – a process that splits
water into its individual components, hydrogen and
oxygen. Some of the specific technologies used to
produce hydrogen include:
•
Steam reforming converts methane (and
other hydrocarbons in natural gas) into
hydrogen and carbon monoxide by reaction
with steam over a nickel catalyst. The carbon
separated from the hydrogen in the reforming
process may be captured and sequestered to
avoid damage to the environment.
•
Electrolysis uses direct electrical current to
split water into hydrogen at the negative
electrode and oxygen at the positive electrode.
•
Steam electrolysis (a variation on
conventional electrolysis) uses heat, instead of
electricity, to provide some of the energy
needed to split water, making the process
more energy efficient.
•
Thermochemical water splitting uses
chemicals and heat in multiple steps to
split water into its component parts.
•
Photocatalytic systems use special
materials to split water using only
sunlight.
•
Photobiological systems use
microorganisms to split water in the
presence of sunlight.
•
Biological systems use microbes to
break down a variety of biomass
feedstocks into hydrogen.
•
Thermal water splitting uses a very
high temperature (approximately
1000°C) to split water.
•
Gasification uses heat to break down
biomass or coal into a gas from which
pure hydrogen can be extracted.
In some countries, major industries such as
steel production, petroleum refining and soda
production produce excess hydrogen that may
be used in the initial stages of the hydrogen
economy.
How is Hydrogen Delivered?
Hydrogen is currently transported by pipeline
or by road via cylinders, tube trailers, and
cryogenic tankers, with a small amount
shipped by rail or barge.
Due to the energy intensive nature and the
cost associated with hydrogen distribution via
high-pressure cylinders and tube trailers, this
method of distribution has a range limited to
approximately 200 km.
For longer distances of up to 1,600 km,
hydrogen is usually transported as a liquid in
super-insulated, cryogenic, over-the-road
tankers, railcars, or barges, and then
---- Over ----
vaporized for use at the customer site. This is
also an energy intensive and costly process.
Pipelines, which are owned by hydrogen
producers, are limited to small areas where
large hydrogen refineries and chemical plants
are concentrated. A large pipeline system
dedicated to transporting large volumes of
hydrogen does not yet exist.
The Challenges
Due to its unique properties – high energy
content per unit of weight coupled with low
volumetric energy density – the production,
transportation and storage of hydrogen
presents unique challenges.
Two fundamental questions are how much
energy is required to extract hydrogen from
naturally occurring, stable hydrogen-rich
compounds and whether hydrogen should be
produced at large-scale central locations that
will require the development of a dedicated
infrastructure to store and transport it to end
use destinations. Both of these questions
demand close evaluation of the related social,
economic, and environmental costs and
benefits associated with developing a
hydrogen production and transportation
infrastructure.
In addition, breakthroughs are necessary in
material science to reduce the cost of
transporting hydrogen over long distances.
Another option is to produce hydrogen at
decentralized locations closer to end use
applications. This approach requires the
examination of other technical and social
questions related to the production and
storage of hydrogen.
It is likely that hydrogen production,
transportation, and storage will use both
decentralized and centralized approaches.
Developing the infrastructure necessary to
produce, store and deliver the large quantities
of hydrogen necessary for the future hydrogen
economy is one of the major challenges
addressed by the IPHE.
************************************...
The IPHE partners are working to develop the infrastructure necessary to produce, store
and deliver the large quantities of hydrogen that will be essential to the future of the
hydrogen economy. For more information, please visit the IPHE website at:
www.iphe.net.
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